Google's journey in China has been complex, marked by strategic retreats and limited re-engagements. As of February 2025, while many of Google's consumer services remain inaccessible within mainland China, the company maintains a presence through specific business operations. However, Google's standing in China faces fresh challenges as the Chinese government recently launched an antitrust probe into the company's activities. This move comes amid rising tensions over trade and technology between China and the United States.

Google's Current Business Presence in China

1. Sales and Advertising

Google continues to operate offices in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen, focusing primarily on sales and advertising services. These offices collaborate with Chinese businesses aiming to advertise to global markets, leveraging Google's extensive advertising platforms to reach international audiences.

2. Android Operating System

Despite the absence of Google Play Services in China, the Android operating system remains prevalent. Chinese smartphone manufacturers, such as Xiaomi, Oppo, and Vivo, utilize the open-source version of Android for their devices. This widespread adoption underscores Android's significant role in China's mobile ecosystem.

3. Developer Support and Tools

Google has made concerted efforts to support Chinese developers by providing localized resources and tools. Initiatives include the launch of platforms like Google Developers China, Android Developers China, and Firebase China, all aimed at fostering innovation and facilitating the creation of applications within the local developer community.

4. Artificial Intelligence Research

In 2017, Google announced the establishment of the Google AI China Center in Shanghai, signaling its commitment to advancing AI research in collaboration with Chinese experts. This center focuses on fundamental AI research and its applications, contributing to the global AI community.

5. Limited Product Offerings

While many Google services are restricted, certain products have been available in China. For instance, Google Translate was accessible until its discontinuation in 2022 due to low usage. Other services, such as the Chrome browser, have seen limited adoption, primarily among users who can access them through virtual private networks (VPNs).

6. Google Cloud

Google Cloud has a presence in China, though it operates indirectly through partnerships with local companies. In 2021, Google Cloud announced a collaboration with Tencent Cloud and other Chinese providers to offer cloud services to multinational companies operating in China. This allows Google to tap into the growing demand for cloud computing while complying with China’s strict data localization laws.

7. Hardware Sales

Google sells its hardware products, such as Pixel phones and Nest devices, in China through third-party retailers and online platforms. While these products are not as popular as local brands, they cater to a niche market of tech enthusiasts and expatriates.

8. Investments in Chinese Startups

Google has made strategic investments in Chinese startups through its venture capital arm, Google Ventures (GV), and other investment vehicles. For example, Google has invested in companies like JD.com (e-commerce) and Chushou.tv (live-streaming). These investments allow Google to benefit from China’s innovation without directly operating in the market.

9. Strategic Partnerships

Google collaborates with Chinese companies on various projects. For instance, it has partnered with Walmart China to improve the retail giant’s supply chain using Google Cloud. These partnerships help Google maintain a foothold in the Chinese market while navigating regulatory challenges.

The Impact of China's Antitrust Probe

The recent antitrust investigation into Google signals an escalation in China's regulatory scrutiny of foreign technology firms. The probe reportedly focuses on Google’s dominance in the advertising sector and its relationship with domestic businesses. While details remain sparse, this development may lead to stricter regulations, potential fines, or further restrictions on Google's operations in China.

In summary, Google's operations in China are characterized by a focus on supporting local businesses and developers, contributing to technological advancements, and maintaining a foothold in the world's second-largest economy. However, with the latest antitrust probe, Google's future in China may face new uncertainties.