OverviewIn the previous article titled Why TCP needs 3 handshakes simple answers were provided to the following three questions:Can application data be carried during the first handshake?Can application data be carried during the second handshake?Can application data be carried during the third handshake?Briefly, traditional TCP requires a three-way handshake to establish a connection, and during these three handshakes, only simple SYN and ACK packets are sent.From the perspective of utilizing network bandwidth resources, the TCP header at the transport layer plus the IP header at the net...

Prerequisite KnowledgeFirst, let's look at the control bits and state machine of TCP, which form the basis for understanding the three-way handshake of TCP.TCP Packet Control BitsThe control bits in the TCP packet header are used to control the status of the TCP connection and can indicate various control information such as connection establishment, termination, reset, etc.There are six common control bits:SYN (Synchronize Sequence Numbers): Requests to establish a connection (part of the three-way handshake). It is set in the initial packet during connection establishment, indicating that th...

When working with Git, it's crucial to understand how to undo changes at different stages—whether in the working directory, the staging area, or after committing changes to the local repository. This guide walks you through the essential Git commands to effectively manage and revert changes, ensuring that your version control process is smooth and error-free.Modifying Files in the Working Directory but Not Yet Added to the Staging AreaWhen you make changes to files in your working directory but haven't yet added them to the staging area, you can easily discard these changes if needed.Dis...

Figure-00: Railway fixed block signaling system over view diagram, version v1.3 (2024)Project Design Purpose: This project aims to use Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) with train detection sensors and train control signals to develop an automated OT system for railway track fixed block signaling control. The system will include a digital equivalent simulation to explain the logic of the track fixed block Automatic Train Control (ATC) mechanism for demonstration and training purposes. In this article, we will introduce the design of the block controller's electrical circuit, then demonstrat...

GitHub Copilot is a new AI-powered code completion tool that can generate code snippets from natural language descriptions. It is powered by OpenAI Codex, a deep learning system that has been trained on billions of lines of public code. GitHub Copilot claims to be a “copilot, not a pilot”, meaning that it is not intended to write code for you, but rather to help you write code faster and better.However, some developers have raised concerns about the legal and ethical implications of using GitHub Copilot. One of the main issues is that GitHub Copilot may emit code that is derived fr...

The office life has changed a lot since the beginning of the 21st century. Nowadays, technologies have taken over a large part of the work that people have to do, inside their walls. Some of them are more important than others, though. Here are four that no company should live without. A VoIP Phone SystemIf a company wants to communicate with its clients, it needs to install a centralized phone system. The old ones were complicated and costly. The more phone lines you had, the higher the monthly bill got. Today, VoIP phone systems have replaced the traditional ones, bringing in an era of ...

In a developer's daily work, it is frequent to see lots of commits made. It would be a headache if one cannot use git commands well especially when in cases where some fixes need to be made on existing branches. There are some frequently used command such as git pull, git merge and git push. Apart from these, there are some other practical commands which may be useful for real use cases. This post will try to list some of them.git grep It will lists all files containing the searched keyword. This is similar to the Linux command grep.git blameIt will list the author and change time of each...

Each year, custom software development shows us its new angles — those shaped by the technology trends and changes in customer behavior and preferences. Considering the highly impactful nature of 2020 with the outbreak of COVID-19, 2021 custom software development was formed around the technologies that have contributed to the minimization of the pandemic’s harmful impact. So what are these technologies?In this article, you will find out info about the top trends in software development that are on the rise right now — all provided with explanations of their value given by Em...